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The "Kindling" Model in Bipolar Disorder
Page 2

By Kimberly Read & Marcia Purse, About.com

Updated December 04, 2006

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Works Cited

The History of Epilepsy. (1998). Accessed 9/16/00. No longer available.

Hargreaves, Eric L. The Neuroplasticity Phenomenon of Kindling. [Online]. Accessed May 5, 2000. No longer available.

NARSAD Research Newsletter. (Undated). Manic and Depressive Recurrences: The Search for Mechanisms and Treatments: A Profile of Robert M. Post, M.D. [Online]. Accessed September 16, 2000. No longer available.

Papolos, D. & Papolos, J. (1999). The Bipolar Child (pg 53). New York, NY: Broadway Books.

Expert Knowledge Systems LLC. (1997). Expert Consensus Treatment Guidelines for Bipolar Disorder: A Guide for Patients and Families. [Online]. Accessed September 16, 2000.

Bipolar Disorders Letter. (May 2000). Substance Abuse History Complicates Treatment of Bipolar Patients. [Online]. Accessed September 17, 2000. No longer available.

Additional Information

Phelps, J., M.D. (2000). Treatment Details: Does bipolar disorder get worse over time? (the "kindling" theory). [Online]. Accessed September 17, 2000.

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